Costo de las neumonías asociadas a la ventilación mecánica en pacientes adultos en un hospital general en Chile / Cost evaluation of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult patients in a general hospital in Chile

Resumen Introducción: La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es un evento adverso que aumenta la morbi-mortalidad y costos. Genera días adicionales de hospitalización y de procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos para su tratamiento. No existen datos actualizados nacionales respecto al exceso de costos por NAVM. Objetivo: Dimensionar el costo de las NAVM en un hospital general de la Región Metropolitana. Pacientes y Métodos: Aplicación del protocolo caso-control de costos de infecciones intrahospitalarias de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y cálculo directo de gasto en exceso por evento de NAVM. Se comparó el exceso de días de hospitalización, de antimicrobianos en dosis diaria definida (DDD) y de cultivos. Resultados: Se recolectaron 18 casos de NAVM entre los años 2012 y 2015 en pacientes adultos. Se seleccionaron 18 controles pareados por edad y género. Se observó una mayor estadía promedio de 6,1 días en los casos (p < 0,05), una mayor prescripción de antimicrobianos (diferencia promedio de 11,7 DDD, sin significancia estadística) y un exceso de solicitud de cultivos con una diferencia promedio de 3,2 (p < 0,05). El costo unitario por NAVM fue de 4.475 USD. Conclusiones: Los eventos de NAVM generan una mayor estadía hospitalaria, consumo de recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an adverse event that increases morbidity, mortality and costs due to a prolonged stay and requirement of microbiological studies and antimicrobial therapy. There is not recent data of VAP costs in Chile. Aim: To evaluate additional costs in adult patients with VAP compared to controls in a general hospital in the Metropolitan Area. Patients and Methods: Use of the PAHO paired casecontrol protocol for cost evaluation associated to nosocomial infections and estimation of cost in excess per VAP event. Length of stay (LOS) in excess, antimicrobial consumption in daily-defined doses (DDD), and number of microbiological studies were compared between both groups. Results: From 2012 to 2015, 18 patients with VAP events were identified with their respective controls. LOS exceeded 6.1 days on average among patients with VAP respect to controls (p < 0.05). DDD was higher among patients with VAP (difference 11.7 DDD) as well as number of cultures (3.2 higher on average, p < 0.05). Cost in excess per VAP event reached 4,475 USD. Conclusions: In our Centre, VAP events are associated to a higher LOS, antimicrobial consumption and microbiological studies.

A desospitalização em um hospital público geral de Minas Gerais: desafios e possibilidades / Desinstitucionalización en un hospital general público de Minas Gerais: retos y posibilidades / Dehospitalisation at a general hospital in Minas Gerais: challenges and prospects

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar o processo de desospitalização em um hospital público geral de Minas Gerais na perspectiva dos diretores, dos profissionais de saúde e dos familiares. MÉTODO Estudo descritivo e exploratório, utilizando a abordagem qualitativa, com orientação teórico-metodológica da dialética. Participaram do estudo 24 profissionais de saúde e 15 familiares de usuários em processo de desospitalização. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de abril a junho em 2015, com entrevistas semiestruturadas e registros em diário de campo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. RESULTADOS A análise do material empírico permitu a construção das categorias: Desospitalização: perspectiva da instituição e Organização da família para o processo de desospitalização. CONCLUSÃO Existem fragilidades no processo que envolve questões de implementação, sistematização, reorganização interna e continuidade após a desospitalização. Assim, as estratégias utilizadas para a desospitalização têm sido insuficientes para favorecer a integralidade e a continuidade do cuidado no domicílio.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar el proceso de desinstitucionalización de un hospital general público de Minas Gerais desde la perspectiva de los gestores, de los profesionales de la salud y de los familiares. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio de enfoque cualitativo con orientación teórico- metodológica de la dialéctica. Participaron 24 profesionales de la salud y 15 familiares de usuarios en proceso de desinstitucionalización. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo entre abril y junio de 2015 con entrevistas semiestructuradas y registros en el diario de campo . Los datos recogidos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido temático. RESULTADOS El análisis de los materiales empíricos permitu la construcción de categorías: la desinstitucionalización: Perspectiva institución y organización de la familia al proceso de desinstitucionalización. CONCLUSIÓN Se concluye que en el procesohay fragilidades que involucran cuestiones de implementación, sistematización, reorganización interna y continuidad después de la desinstitucionalización. Las estrategias empleadas para la desinstitucionalización no han sido suficientes para promover la integralidad y continuidad de los cuidados domiciliarios.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyse the dehospitalisation process at a general public hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from the perspective of managers, health workers, users and their families. METHODS This is a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study based on the principles of methodological and theoretical dialectics. The participants were 24 hospital health workers and 15 companions of users going through the process of dehospitalisation. Data were collected from April to June 2015 using semi-structured interviews and a field journal records and subsequently subjected to content analysis. RESULTS Analysis of the empirical material led to the construction of the following categories: Dehospitalisation: viewpoint of the institution and Family organisation for the dehospitalisation process. CONCLUSION The study reveals a deficiency in the implementation, systematisation, internal reorganisation and continuity of care after dehospitalisation. Current dehospitalisation strategies do not favour comprehensiveness and continuity of home care.

Gastos hospitalarios por neumonía neumocóccica invasora en adultos en un hospital general en Chile / Hospital charges by bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in adults in a general hospital

Pneumococcal infections are important for their morbidity and economic burden, but there is no economical data from adults patients in Chile. Aims. Estimate direct medical costs of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia among adult patients hospitalized in a general hospital and to evaluate the sensitivity of ICD 10 discharge codes to capture infections from this pathogen. Methods. Analysis of hospital charges by components in a group of patients admitted for bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, correction of values by inflation and conversion from CLP to US$. Results. Data were collected from 59 patients admitted during 2005-2010, mean age 71.9 years. Average hospital charges for those managed in general wards reached 2,756 US$, 8,978 US$ for those managed in critical care units (CCU) and 6,025 for the whole group. Charges were higher in CCU (p < 0.001), and patients managed in these units generated 78.3% of the whole cost (n = 31; 52.5% from total). The median cost in general wards was 1,558 US$, and 3,993 in CCU. Main components were bed occupancy (37.8% of charges), and medications (27.4%). There were no differences associated to age, comorbidities, severity scores or mortality. No single ICD discharge code involved a S. pneumoniae bacteremic case (0% sensitivity) and only 2 cases were coded as pneumococcal pneumonia (3.4%). Conclusions. Mean hospital charges (~6,000 US dollars) or median values (~2,400 US dollars) were high, underlying the economic impact of this condition. Costs were higher among patients managed in CCU. Recognition of bacteremic pneumococcal infections by ICD 10 discharge codes has a very low sensitivity.

Las infecciones neumocócicas representan una gran carga de morbilidad y de gastos en salud en pacientes adultos pero no se dispone de datos que hayan evaluado su dimensión económica en Chile. Objetivo: Evaluar los gastos directos en un grupo de pacientes adultos hospitalizados por neumonía neumocóccica bacterémica en un hospital general y evaluar la sensibilidad de los códigos de egreso CIE 10 para capturar las infecciones por este patógeno. Métodos: Análisis de gastos por componentes de un grupo de pacientes atendidos por neumonía neumocóccica bacteriémica, actualización de gastos y conversión a US$. Resultados: Se rescató información de 59 pacientes atendidos entre el 2005-2010, con edad promedio de 71,9 años. El gasto promedio en sala fue de 2.756 US$, de 8.978 US$ en Unidades Críticas y de 6.025 US$ para el grupo total. Los gastos fueron mayores en Unidades Críticas (p < 0,001) y los pacientes en estas unidades (n = 31; 52,5% del total) generaron el 78,3% del gasto total observado. La mediana de gastos en sala fue de 1.558 US$ y de 3.993 US$ en el caso de Unidades Críticas. El 37,8% del gasto se originó por día-cama y 27,4% por medicamentos. No hubo diferencias por edad, co-morbilidades, scores de gravedad o mortalidad. Ningún código CIE 10 involucró bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae (Sensibilidad 0%) y sólo 2 casos fueron codificados como neumonía neumocóccica (3,4%). Conclusiones: El gasto promedio (aprox. 6.000 dólares americanos) y mediana (aprox. 2.400 dólares americanos) fueron elevados evidenciando la importancia económica de esta enfermedad. Los gastos fueron mayores en pacientes manejados en Unidades Críticas. La sensibilidad de los códigos CIE 10 fue baja para reconocer eventos de ENI en esta serie.

Direct and indirect cost of attempted suicide in a general hospital: cost-of-illness study / Custo direto e indireto de tentativas de suicídio em um hospital geral: estudo de custo de doença

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of socioeconomic impact of attempted suicide may sensitize managers regarding prevention strategies. There are no published data on this in Brazil. The aim here was to describe the direct and indirect costs of care of hospitalized cases of attempted suicide and compare these with the costs of acute coronary syndrome cases. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cost-of-illness study at a public university hospital in Brazil. METHOD: The costs of care of 17 patients hospitalized due to attempted suicide were compared with those of 17 acute coronary syndrome cases at the same hospital, over the same period. The direct costs were the summation of the hospital and out-of-hospital costs resulting from the event, determined from the medical records. The indirect costs were estimated through the human capital lost. The Mann-Whitney test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with transformation adjusted for age were used for comparisons. RESULTS: The average costs per episode of attempted suicide were: direct cost, US$ 6168.65; indirect cost, US$ 688.08; and total cost, US$ 7163.75. Comparative analysis showed a difference between the indirect costs to family members, with significantly higher costs in the attempted suicide group (P = 0.0022). CONCLUSION: The cost of care relating to attempted suicide is high and the indirect cost to family members reinforces the idea that suicidal behavior not only affects the individual but also his social environment. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O conhecimento do impacto socioeconômico das tentativas de suicídio pode sensibilizar gestores para programas de prevenção. No Brasil, não há dados publicados a esse respeito. O objetivo foi descrever os custos direto e indireto dos cuidados com as tentativas de suicídio de pacientes internados no hospital de uma universidade pública, e compará-los aos custos de casos de síndrome coronariana aguda. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de custo de doença em hospital universitário público no Brasil. MÉTODO: Os custos dos cuidados de 17 pacientes hospitalizados por tentativas de suicídio foram comparados aos custos de 17 síndromes coronarianas agudas de pacientes internados no mesmo hospital, no mesmo período. Os custos diretos foram o somatório de custos hospitalares e extra-hospitalares decorrentes do evento, determinados por registro hospitalar. Os custos indiretos foram estimados através da perda de capital humano. Teste de Mann-Whitney e análise da covariância (ANCOVA) com transformação por idade foram utilizados para comparação. RESULTADOS: As médias de custos por episódio de tentativa de suicídio foram: custo direto individual, US$ 6168,65; custo indireto individual, US$ 688,08; e custo total, US$ 7163,75. A análise comparativa indica diferença entre os custos indiretos a familiares dos dois fenômenos, com custos significativamente mais elevados no grupo de tentativas de suicídio (P = 0,0022). CONCLUSÃO: O custo dos cuidados com tentativa de suicídio é elevado e o custo indireto a familiares reforça a ideia de que o comportamento suicida não afeta apenas o indivíduo, mas também seu ambiente social. .

A Proposal to Improve Nursing Fee Differentiation Policy for General Hospitals Using Profitability-Analysis in the National Health Insurance

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to propose optimal hospitalization fees for nurse staffing levels and to improve the current nursing fee policy. METHODS: A break-even analysis was used to evaluate the impact of a nursing fee policy on hospital's financial performance. Variables considered included the number of beds, bed occupancy rate, annual total patient days, hospitalization fees for nurse staffing levels, the initial annual nurses' salary, and the ratio of overhead costs to nursing labor costs. Data were collected as secondary data from annual reports of the Hospital Nursing Association and national health insurance. RESULTS: The hospitalization fees according to nurse staffing levels in general hospitals are required to sustain or decrease in grades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, and increase in grades 5 and 6. It is suggested that the range between grade 2 and 3 be sustained at the current level, the range between grade 4 and 5 be widen or merged into one, and the range between grade 6 and 7 be divided into several grades. CONCLUSION: Readjusting hospitalization fees for nurse staffing level will improve nurse-patient ratio and enhance the quality of nursing care in hospitals. Follow-up studies including tertiary hospitals and small hospitals are recommended.

Internación por cuidados progresivos: propuesta metodológica para su implementación en un hospital general de agudos / Progressive patient care

Implementar un sistema de cuidados progresivos y atención interdisciplinaria en los hospitales generales del subsector público representa un desafío para el sistema de atención de la salud. El modelo, ya presente en un importante número de establecimientos del subsector privado y de la seguridad social, ubica a los pacientes en sectores de internación según sus necesidades de cuidado y dependencia, y no según las especialidades médicas tradicionales. En el presente artículo se presenta el marco conceptual y una propuesta metodológica para su efectiva implementación en un hospital público venciendo las naturales resistencias al cambio.

Implementation of progressive care patients and interdisciplinary care models in General Hospitals has been challengin for Public Health Care Sistems. The model actualy present in some Social Security and Private Hospitals place the patients in areas or units on the basis of their needs for care as deter­minated by the degree of illnes rather than on the basis of a medical specialty. This article describes the models theory and how it is posible to implement in a Public General Hospital despite of the natural resistence to change.

Analysis of Cost and Efficiency of a Medical Nursing Unit Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing

PURPOSE: Time-driven activity-based costing was applied to analyze the nursing activity cost and efficiency of a medical unit. METHODS: Data were collected at a medical unit of a general hospital. Nursing activities were measured using a nursing activities inventory and classified as 6 domains using Easley-Storfjell Instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to identify general characteristics of the unit, nursing activities and activity time, and stochastic frontier model was adopted to estimate true activity time. RESULTS: The average efficiency of the medical unit using theoretical resource capacity was 77%, however the efficiency using practical resource capacity was 96%. According to these results, the portion of non-added value time was estimated 23% and 4% each. The sums of total nursing activity costs were estimated 109,860,977 won in traditional activity-based costing and 84,427,126 won in time-driven activity-based costing. The difference in the two cost calculating methods was 25,433,851 won. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the time-driven activity-based costing provides useful and more realistic information about the efficiency of unit operation compared to traditional activity-based costing. So time-driven activity-based costing is recommended as a performance evaluation framework for nursing departments based on cost management.

An Analysis of Cost and Profit of a Nursing Unit using Performance-Based Costing: Case of a General Surgical Ward in a General Hospital / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analysize net income of a surgical nursing ward in a general hospital. METHOD: Data collection and analysis was conducted using a performance-based costing and activity-based costing method. RESULT: Direct nursing activities in the surgical ward were 68, indirect nursing activities were 10. The total cost volume of the surgical ward was calculated at won 119,913,334.5. The cost volume of the allocated medical department was won 91,588,200.3, and the ward consumed cost was won 28,325,134.2. The revenue of the surgical nursing ward was won 33,269,925.0. The expense of a surgical nursing ward was 28,325,134.2. Therefore, the net income of a surgical nursing ward was won 4,944,790.8. CONCLUSION: We suggest that to develop a more refined nursing cost calculation model, a standard nursing cost calculation system needs to be developed.

Estimating the cost of hospital services in a small island state: a case study of the Milton Cato Memorial Hospital in St Vincent and the Grenadines / Estimación del Costo de los Servicios Hospitalarios en un Pequeño Estado Insular Estudio de Caso del Milton Cato Memorial Hospital en San Vicente y las Granadinas

Cost estimates are derived for services provided at the Milton Cato Memorial Hospital (previously known as the Kingstown General Hospital) using the step-down accounting method Both total and average unit cost estimates are provided Among the findings of note is that the cost per patient per day spent on the Maternity Ward is 57.4 higher than for the Surgical Ward. Even with the 1995 increase in user fees, the levels of subsidization for inpatient services remains relatively high at 78-96 for public patients and 43-72 for private patients. Ancillary services werefoundto have lower levels of subsidization and in most cases the full costs were recovered from private patients. Laboratory services are not subsidized

Se deducen los costos estimados para los servicios que se brindan en el Milton Cato Memorial Hospital (previamente conocido como Kingstown General Hospital) usando el método de etapas en contabilidad. Se ofrecen los estimados del costo total y el costo promedio por unidad. Entre los resultados a resaltar se halla que el costo por paciente por día en la sala de maternidad es 57.4% más alto que en la sala de cirugía. Incluso con el aumento llevado a cabo en 1995 en relación con el pago de honorarios por parte del usuario, los niveles de subvención de los servicios a pacientes hospitalizados permanecen relativamente altos, llegando a ser de un 78%-96% para los pacientes públicos y 43% - 72% para los pacientes privados. Se halló que los servicios suplementarios presentaban niveles de subsidio más bajos, y que en la mayor parte de los casos se recuperaba la totalidad de los costos de los pacientes privados. Los servicios de laboratorio no se subvencionan.

Neurological and neurosurgical referrals overseas from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados, 1987-1996

This paper reports on neurological and neurosurgical referrals overseas from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) for the period November 1987 to November 1996, and is a follow up to an earlier report for the period January 1984 to November 1987. It outlines the pattern of referral, diagnoses, referral centres and costs based on examination of the files of all QEH patients transferred overseas under a government aided scheme. There were 203 transfers of 191 patients (69 males, 122 females) including 10 patients who were transferred twice and one patient who was transferred three times. Patients' ages ranged from 1 to 80 years (mean 37 years). Twenty overseas centres were used during the period but most patients were transferred to Brooklyn Hospital, New York in 1988, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, between 1989 and 1994, and Hospital de Clinicas Caracas, Venezuela (1992 to 1996). 65of the referrals were for neurosurgery and 25were for magnetic resonance imaging scans for diagnosis. The largest diagnostic categories were central nervous system tumors (40) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (25). Estimated costs reached almost BDS$11 million, but the mean actual cost was BDS$63,916 based on information from 123 patient transfers. Thus, the actual total government expenditure was probably closer to BDS$13 million. This study demonstrates the urgent need to establish a neurosurgical service at the QEH and the cost effectiveness of doing so.

Produtividade em hospitais / Productivity in hospitals

Destaca os seguintes objetivos: analisar a produtividade de hospitais, privados e públicos, de grande porte, individualizando-a por áreas; conhecer a quantidade e a qualificaçäo necessária das diferentes categorias profissionais, nos vários serviços oferecidos por estes hospitais, que possam servir de parâmetro para outras unidades semelhantes; verificar o que vem sendo executado em termos de política de recursos humanos nestes hospitais, no que diz respeito ao recrutamento e seleçäo, administraçäo de pessoal, cargos e salários, benefícios e treinamento e desenvolvimento; conhecer aspectos da utilizaçäo de serviços de terceiros nos hospitais privados e públicos de grande porte; verificar aspectos organizacionais e administrativos de programas gerenciais que interferem na produtividade; conhecer quais e como säo utilizadas áreas de apoio dos serviços de infra-estrutura, bem como, aquelas ligadas ao ambulatório e serviços complementares de diagnóstico e terapêutica, para o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos e ganhos na produtividade